Common Bus System Simulation

Common Bus System Simulation In this project we are going to perform simulation on 16 bit common bus. To Understand what is common bus let us first discuss what is bus itself, A bus is set of parallel lines that information (data,addresses, instructions and other information)passes on internal architecture of a computer. Information travels on buses as a series of pulses , each pulse representing a one bit or a zero bit Buses are coming in various sizes such as 4 bits,8 bits,16 bits, 12 bits,24 bits,32 bits ,64 bits,80 bits,96 bits and 128 bits. From the size of bus we can determine that how many bit a bus will carry in parallel.The speed of the is how fast it moves data along the path. This is usually measured in MegaHertz(MHz) or millions of times or second. Data Carried by bus in a second is called as capacity of the bus.In buses there is concept of internal and external buses, Bus inside a processor is called is called as internal and outer to processor is called as external bus. A bus master is a combination if circuits , control microchips, and internal software that control the movement of information between major componenets inside the computer. A processor bus is a bus inside the processor. Some processor designs simplify the internal structure by having one or two processor buses. In a single processor bus system, all information is carried around inside the processor on one processor bus. In a dual processor bus system, there is a source bus dedicated to moving source data and a destination bus dedicated to moving results. An alternative approach is to have a lot of small buses that connect various units inside the processor. While this design is more complex, it also has the potential of being faster, especially if there are multiple units within the processor that can perform work simultaneously (a form of parallel processing). A system bus connects the main processor with its primary support components, in particular connecting the processor to its memory. Depending on the computer, a system bus may also have other major components connected. A data bus carries data. Most processors have internal data buses that carry information inside the processor and external data buses that carry information back and forth between the processor and memory. An address bus carries address information. In most processors, memory is connected to the processor with separate address and data buses. The processor places the requested address in memory on the address bus for memory or the memory controller (if there is more than one chip or bank of memory, there will be a memory controller that controls the banks of memory for the processor). If the processor is writing data to memory, then it will assert a write signal and place the data on the data bus for transfer to memory. If the processor is reading data from memory, then it will assert a read signal and wait for data from memory to arrive on the data bus. In some small processors the data bus and address bus will be combined into a single bus. This is called multiplexing. Special signals indicate whether the multiplexed bus is being used for data or address. This is at least twice as slow as separate buses, but greatly reduces the complexity and cost of support circuits, an important factor in the earliest days of computers, in the early days of microprocessors, and for small embedded processors (such as in a microwave oven, where speed is unimportant, but cost is a major factor). An instruction bus is a specialized data bus for fetching instructions from memory. The very first computers had separate storage areas for data and programs (instructions). John Von Neumann introduced the von Neumann architecture, which combined both data and instructions into a single memory, simplifying computer architecture. The difference between data and instructions was a matter of interpretation. In the 1970s, some processors implemented hardware systems for dynamically mapping which parts of memory were for code (instructions) and which parts were for data, along with hardware to insure that data was never interpretted as code and that code was never interpretted as data. This isolation of code and data helped prevent crashes or other problems from runaway code that started wiping out other programs by incorrectly writing data over code (either from the same program or worse from some other users software). In more recent innovation, super computers and other powerful proces sors added separate buses for fetching data and instructions. This speeds up the processor by allowing the processor to fetch the next instruction (or group of instructions) at the same time that it is reading or writing data from the current or preceding instruction. A memory bus is a bus that connects a processor to memory or connects a processor to a memory controller or connects a memory controller to a memory bank or memory chip. A cache bus is a bus that connects a processor to its internal (L1 or Level 1) or external (L2 or Level 2) memory cache or caches. An I/O bus (for input/output) is a bus that connects a processor to its support devices (such as internal hard drives, external media, expansion slots, or peripheral ports). Typically the connection is to controllers rather than directly to devices. A graphics bus is a bus that connects a processor to a graphics controller or graphics port. A local bus is a bus for items closely connected to the processor that can run at or near the same speed as the processor itself. ACCUMULATER : The accumulator processor register in the common bus system is processing unit that help to perform manipulations. It has two another register Called ADDER AND LOGIC UNIT E REGISTER ADDER AND LOGIC UNIT: It perform additions and other operation then store the value in the Accumulator. E REGISTER: It contains the carry of addition and other operation performed in the adder and logic unit. DATA REGISTER: When we fetched instruction from memory then it is neccesary to have data on which instruction is to be executed. Data register provide data to instruction to execute it. TEMPORARY REGISTER: When we are executing instruction then in the way of computing situation arrives when we need a register to save intermediate result. To save intermediate result we hace register called Temorary register that holds the data or result temporarly from which data will be fetched lator. INSTRUCTION REGISTER: It tells that which instruction will be ececuted ADDRESS REGISTER: AR contains the address of the oprends to execute instruction.For example AR(0-11) PROGRAM COUNTER; It is counter in a common bus that will tell that which instruction will be executed next .Hence it contains the address of next instruction it is implemented as PC >PC +1; INPUT REGISTER: It contains the data that will be inserted by user. OUTPUT REGISTER: It has data that can be use full to take output. WORKING OF PROJECT: This project contain one addition display of data which designed with help of graphics function.It is not relate to project at all. But it introduce you what is project. The main coding when you press any key from key board will appear. It demands from three control signal s0,s1,s2 these three bits aggregately defines the binary corresponding to which decimal number of the register activated which further give activated the its register and execute instruction In order to display the activated register i have used a pixel and circle that will fill the box.

The Battle :: essays research papers

The Battle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sun was touching the tree tops as it slowly descended in the horizon. Shadows were cast on the ground. The air was still hot and humid from the midday. A bit of a breeze was beginning to blow from the east sending a slight chill through our spines. We stepped unto the grounds and surveyed our surroundings. The playing field was perfect just like we had all imagined it would be. In the far distance there was woods along with a wide shallow stream. In front there was a field scattered with shields and barricades. We divided into units and went to gather up our gear. With our equipment in hand the whistle blows and friends become foes. Our mission was to survive, be the last team standing, we were to annihilate our opponents. With the signal given the war was under way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My teammates and I gathered together at our base. There we came up with a battle plan. We were to separate and head in different directions eventually meeting up at an undisclosed location where we would ambush the enemy’s base . After everyone was clear on the objective we split up and went out to battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I ran across the field to the nearest shield and collected my thoughts. I could hear the orders being shouted from my fellow comrades in the distance as they engaged in a brawl with the enemy, â€Å"duck, cover, fire, fire†. Soon the brawl ended with a small victory as they scattered out into the sunset. My heart was pounding in my stomach. The sounds of the earth were magnified in my ears. Then it came to me, this was a war, this was life or death. Shoot or be shot, the setting had changed. With the new thoughts in mind I held tightly onto my gun gathered all my strength and courage and charged into battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I made my way slowly and quietly into the deep woods, like a recon soldier. My mind and senses were focused on the enemy. As I made my way down the beaten path I spotted movement in a far bush. I dropped to the ground and pushed my body flat against the cold earth. After a few seconds of silence I knew that I had not been seen. I crawled around the bush so I could see my pray. She sat there so still she blended in with the green color of the leaves.

Vasovagal Syncope Essay -- Fainting Medical Health Essays

Vasovagal Syncope My best friend "Dirk" can easily be picked out of a crowd. His 6'7 stature, impressive muscle mass, very blond hair, big blue eyes, and booming voice cause many people to stare at him-once, in Europe, a Japanese couple asked if they could take a picture of him. Addicted to weight lifting and athletics, my friend does not always enjoy admitting that he is a computer engineer-yes, my 22-year-old buddy is still afraid of the geek label. There is something else to which Dirk will not readily admit-he faints at the sight of blood. In fact, many things can trigger his fainting spells: blood, vomit, overheating, etc. Dirk lives next door to my parents; we grew up together. Recently, he and my sister ran over from his house to ours, which is a distance of about 50 feet. My sister had not worn shoes; when they got to our house, they walked through two rooms before Dirk got dizzy. My sister had cut her foot, and the blood that had spread over the tile floor made Dirk turn his head away, and sit down. My mother ran to the rescue-Dirk's, not my sister's. She helped him breath deeply, and luckily he avoided fainting. A few Christmases ago, Dirk caught a stomach virus. He made it to the bathroom just in time, but seconds after vomiting, he fell to the floor, and blocked the door. His parents frantically tried to open the door, they tried to revive him by screaming for probably five minutes, which seemed like an eternity to them at the time. Eventually they revived him. The summer before that Christmas, Dirk was golfing with his high school's golf team on a hot July afternoon. At the end of the course, he and his coach walked to the parking lot. All of a sudden, Dirk toppled like a tree onto th... ...ncope. Perhaps more research will lead to more conclusive knowledge about the condition. Works Cited: 1)Med Help International, This website offers a forum for those with medical questions, allowing them to ask the advice of a physician. http://www.medhelp.org/forums/cardio/archive/5482.html 2)London Cardiac Institute, This organization provides information to patients on several conditions. The patients are referred to the pages by their physicians. http://www.londoncardiac.ca/pages/vvs.htm 3)Karen Yontz Women's Cardiac Awareness Center, Health Wise Physician's Corner provides information about several medical conditions. http://www.karenyontzcenter.org/healthwise/phys_corner/phys_cor_Berger.htm 4)Tilt Table Test http://pwp.netcabo.pt/0413553701/tilt_eng.htm 5)Health and Age http://www.healthandage.com/html/res/com/ConsHerbs/Licoricech.html

Physics Lab Report Essay -- essays research papers

Physics Lab Report Statement of the Problem:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem that was arisen in Problem #5: Motion up an Incline was in reference to a change in acceleration in both an uphill and downhill motion. The question on hand was whether or not the acceleration was the same going uphill as it was downhill or different from each other in both directions. To obtain a secure conclusion this experiment required the use of a frictionless cart, an inclined ramp, motion sensor, meter stick, and assistance of computer programs. These tools help us to achieve/correct our predictions by giving us precise information about the acceleration of the cart in both the up and downhill direction. Prediction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My prediction for Problem # 5 was how I felt that the acceleration of the cart would be equal but opposite to each other on the way up and down. As the cart is going uphill it would have a negative acceleration (see notebook for rough sketch of graph) because it’s slowing down and eventually going to return back to the bottom. As the cart is going down hill it is working with the acceleration making acceleration positive in a quantitative sense. Data & Results:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lab for Problem #5 was conducted in a pretty simple manner. Since are main goal was to see if acceleration were the same on the way up as it was down we just had to do a couple experimental runs by launching the cart up the hill, allowing it to reach its max distance up and then come back down. While doing the previ...

Motivation Letter Essay

Motivation Letter Application For Studying In University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille To whom it may concern: In addition to all my documents provided, I would like to take this great opportunity to write a motivation letter to clarify my main reason that drives me to study in University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille. After graduation from _____ University major in Industry International Trade, I acquired knowledge in an extensive business area, for example, accounting, finance, international trade, corporate management, law etc. I worked at Credit Control department at Accenture Consulting Company for around 2 years. My responsibility includes providing customer service to UK clients, collecting overdue debt, applying cash payments, making financial adjustments and analyzing credit status for customers. My interpersonal skills improved greatly and English skill was polished as well through daily contact with British customers. Currently I have been worked as assistant product manager at Golden Label 5 International Trade Company. My responsibilities are to communicate with the sales team, the distributors and the promotional girls in order to motivate them and to let them be more and more aware of our brands images to manage efficiently the existing marketing tools to participate in the development of new marketing tools and participate in the development of the promotions for the day market. I believe that my current working experience is the main reason that drives me to study in France. By choosing to study University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille there are a few advantages that I can achieve my goal: My current job is to assist my French boss (marketing director) to communicate with the sales team, the distributors and the promotional girls in order to motivate them and to let them be more and more aware of our brands images. Meanwhile boost and maintain our brand image. In order to cooperate better with my boss, I started to learn French since last June. Although we still discuss in English during daily life, my French language does help me a lot when I explain some authentic French traditional wines and spirits knowledge to customers. I know more and more about French, French culture, French wine, etc. And I believe that what I will obtain in University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille give me a global view of International corporate management and have a multi-culture background. France is a multicultural country, and University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille is a well-known multicultural university. I can learn how to interact within different cultures to improve my interpersonal skills. I also can build up a network that comprises friends from different countries and areas. France has good relationship with China. And now China is becoming certainly the biggest potential market for France. With my multi- culture background and French experience and skills, when I have completed study in France and returns China, I can participate into the development of business cooperation or any other relationship. In short, by choosing to study in University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille, I will benefit greatly from the extraordinary experience for building up my professional career, and I will help to build China, my motherland, into a well-managed market economy country. I am looking forward that my application can be assessed and approved at your earliest convenience! Kind Regards Li

Do average people have an impact on the course of history? Essay

I most certainly agree with the position that average people have the ability to change history. Take for example Martin Luther, Bill Gates and Adolf Hitler. These people have changed history I both a good and bad way. Without a shadow of a doubt average people have a significant impact on the course of history. Martin Luther changed history in a religious way. He started off as a poor man, and then later in his life became a small time priest. As he became a monk, he saw that the pope and the church were misleading the people in order to make a bit of money. He went against the church and did everything in his power to set people back on the right path. Even though he was excommunicated, he still held on, and that is how Martin Luther has a great impact on the course of history. Bill Gates, as many of you may already know is a very rich man, if not the richest man in the world. But this was not the case when he was a young man. In fact he was very poor and he dropped out of school at a young age. A couple of years later he created Microsoft, the largest computer company in the world. Today he has over forty billion dollars and donates billions of dollars to charity. Although some people don’t agree that he has changed history and still is, I think otherwise. I mean take a look at the number of computers in the world; you will see that most of them are powered by Microsoft. Adolf Hitler, in my opinion has changed the course of history in a bad way that any other person in the world. Although he wasn’t rich at a young age, he became rich and very popular in his later life. He developed a strong hatred for the Jews which led to him killing thousands of them. This was known as the holocaust. Although many people don’t know what happened to Hitler after these events, many speculate that he poisoned himself. Over role these three historical icons have changed history in a significant way. Just to answer your question about average people having a significant impact on the coarse of history, my answer is without a shadow of a doubt average people can have a significant impact on the course of history.

Widespread child poverty and its consequences of children vulnerability

In recent old ages, the widespread kid poorness and its effects of kids exposure in developing states are in great involvement for many bookmans of both academic and development field with the strong motive of happening appropriate policy alterations to eliminate poorness or at least relieve it. United Nations particular bureau for kids, UNICEF conducted a survey upon that and stated that about half of the income-poor are associated with kids. Its appraisal extend that at least 600 million kids ( under the age of 18 ) are fighting to last on less than US $ 1 a twenty-four hours all over the universe. They represent a astonishing 40 % of kids in developing states. Non-income indexs tell a similar narrative. Gordon et Al. ( 2003 ) usage family study informations from 46 developing states to analyze the incidence of terrible want among kids along eight dimensions of wellbeing – nutrient, H2O, sanitation, wellness, shelter, instruction, information and entree to services. They fin d that one in two kids in the sample suffers from terrible want in at least one dimension, and that one in three suffers from two or more signifiers of terrible want. The incidence of infant mortality for developing states shows that poorness and exposure have an impact non merely on the quality of their lives, but besides on the measure of life. Concerns with the incidence and deepness of poorness among kids besides reflect an apprehension of the long-run effects of poorness and exposure in childhood. The biggest damaging effects of kid poorness are non merely it extends over the full life but besides it can bring forth intergenerational poorness continuity. Causes of intergenerational poorness has been explained by many bookmans and many of the bookmans agreed that kid poorness is strongly associated it. Child poorness is associated with jobs in schooling and school bead outs ensuing in lower educational attainment. This lead to long-run effects on future productive capacity in their ulterior life effects follow by lower criterion of life. Child poorness in under-developed and developing states ever leads to malnutrition and acrobatics. Malnouri shed misss, in peculiar, have a greater likeliness of giving birth to low birth weight babes endangering their life opportunities. Nutritional lacks during childhood besides lead to take down the acquisition results, with inter-generational effects, because the instruction of female parents has been shown to be peculiarly of import to kids ‘s well-being. Appropriate policy responses to child poorness and exposure are hence really much of import and if non suitably tackle, these kids are disproportionately represented among the income-poor, will endure from terrible want. And their kid poorness and exposure have rooted on them with long-run damaging effects for their hereafter and even to that of their hereafter coevals, more kids. There is much to be learned from bing policy responses to child poorness and exposure in developing and passage states to understand their states and child poorness state of affairs, so that the universe can assist the kids from these states more suitably. In the average clip, the new paradigm of development on kids dramatically shift from the sing kids as â€Å" fringy topics † within wellness and instruction programmes, to the â€Å" development mark group † , through the outgrowth of kid rights. The claims of deprived kids are no more the negotiable land of public assistance or demands based attacks. These are the kids ‘s particular and cosmopolitan rights that must be honored. Hence, the classical images of kids as â€Å" inactive and vulnerable † are now greatly transformed into those which invoke their â€Å" active engagement for their rights † . In Myanmar, the figure of development bureaus working on kid poorness has risen dramatically since1990s. As like else where, poorness remains the primary context of and rationale for intercession for these full kid focused project intercessions and services in Myanmar. Even though the overall focal point is customized within this child-focused community, nevertheless, the development job is having a clearly cultural turn. One of the nucleus troubles confronting deprived kids are attributed by the absence of kid rights in Myanmar civilization. Hence, these bureaus are working non merely to relieve the kid poorness but besides sought in raising ‘child rights consciousness ‘ . Without these rights, the jobs of these vulnerable kids are attributed non merely to development as being hapless, but to their non-recognition as kids. The redress lies non merely in turn toing the constructions that produce child poorness, but besides in converting parents, employers, civil society a nd the province to acknowledge kids as a distinguishable societal group with specific rights in the society. This drift for work on kid rights derives from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) . The displacement from ‘welfare ‘ to ‘rights ‘ and political economic system to civilization in the linguistic communication of development bureaus in Myanmar reflects their rank of the planetary development community.1.2 Research intent and inquiriesThe intent of this thesis is to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. How is the state of affairs of child poorness in Myanmar? This inquiry investigates the general apprehension of state of affairs of child poorness in Myanmar. 2. How it is conceptualized and step poorness in Myanmar? This inquiry investigates the apprehension of poorness in state specific state of affairs and how do they usually measure poorness. 3. What are the causes and effects of kid poorness in Myanmar? This inquiry investigates whether this kid poorness is related to inter-generational poorness, parent ‘s instruction, deficiency of public assistance services etc. 4. Be at that place any misdemeanor of rights due to the kid poorness? This inquiry will look into item about the misdemeanor of rights which expressed in UNCRC if any.1.3 Rationale of this surveyMost of the early surveies upon the kid poorness and kid right centered largely on Latin America, but recent surveies have extended the focal point to states in Africa and Asia. Still there are really few mainstream surveies about Myanmar, and specifically no survey on kid poorness, kid right and effects of child poorness so far, this thesis will lend to the better apprehension of these issues in Myanmar. Additionally, there ever been a debatable for accessing into Myanmar by the assorted foreign bookmans and research workers, their findings of assorted surveies in the similar countries may necessitate to be testified. This thesis will seek to make full the spreads by supplying an in-depth analysis of the kid poorness and child right state of affairs every bit good as effects of kid poorness in the state Myanmar as being a Myanmar citizen research worker. All the findings and consequences can compare with the international findings upon kid right, child poorness and its effects so that the international community will supply better policy advices to assist the kids of Myanmar as a planetary concern. Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal The construct of â€Å" Poverty † has travelled a long manner since the development of society through from clip to clip in history. Contemporary construct of poorness is good associated with â€Å" societal exclusion † , â€Å" life opportunities † and â€Å" liberty and self-respect † . And there are assorted agencies to measurement the poorness, merely from mensurating the basic endurance demands identified by absolute poorness or poorness line to relative poorness, by merely comparing others. Even though the construct and measuring have been changed from basic endurance needs to more comprehensive dimension of life with response to the advancement of industrialisation, poorness has of all time been an ageless and ever-existing job confronting the society and the provinces at all times. It presents non merely in the under developed or developing states, but besides in most developed states. Until the provinces reach to the public assistance states theoretical account, the society has to trust entirely on their ain family and the employment chances to work out in order to undertake their poorness job and to last as economically wellbeing in our modern dynamic societies. But still, there are really specific populations of the society, the kids, who are excessively immature and non competent plenty to come in into employment market. Hence, the kids are the most vulnerable and high hazard for the poorness in our day-to-day life. When poorness hits to the kids, there are assorted effects happened including shortens their lives due to non having the proper wellness attention from the provinces, born with excessively little ( low birth weight ) , deteriorating in their development and more likely to go forth school at 16 with fewer makings. Yet, there are many other effects due to the kid in poorness, by and large we can state that it earnestly destroy all the four basic rights of a kid in all four positions of endurance, development, protection and engagements. Myanmar is the largest state in mainland South East Asia and it has land country of 676,578 square kilometres. It has a entire population of 51.5 million people. Even though Myanmar is one of the resource-rich states in the South East Asiatic part, the political convulsion and economic instability have been driving the state to be one of the poorest in the part since its independency from British colonial in 1947. Now the state, with per capita GDP below US $ 600, is ruled by one of the most inhibitory autocratic governments in the universe, and has had a military-backed authorities for the past 50 old ages. Continuous economic impairment aggravated by authorities irresponsibleness in recent decennaries badly has been sabotaging the socio-economic conditions of the bulk. As the authorities budget upon military disbursement is more than 40 per centums, and less public assistance services, the economic and societal conditions are acquiring worse and worse. This state of affairs was agg ravated by economic countenances from assorted states all over the universe since 1990. Even though the military authorities claimed that there is no poorness in the state, but there are many un-met demands present all over the states. Particularly after the natural catastrophe of cyclone Nargis hits to Ayeyarwaddy division and so to Bago division, Yangon division and Mon division on 2nd and 3rd of May 2008, the state of affairs of poorness become more worsen in these country. Yangon metropolis, which is former capital of the state with most vivacious economic chances, become the topographic point for the people from Ayeyarwaddy division to migrate to get down their new life as they can non last in the natural catastrophe hit country. Most of the households from this catastrophe country move to the country called Hlaing Thar Yar Township which is one of the mid-ways between down town Yangon and the Ayeyarwaddy division. Hence all the people who are in utmost poorness are now concentrated in this township. And the kids from this township are confronting the effects of al l the poorness related jobs in their day-to-day life. Harmonizing to the United Nation Convention of the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) , a kid is defined as anyone whose age is under 18 old ages. But locally, harmonizing to Myanmar kid jurisprudence, a kid is defined as any one whose age is less than 16 old ages of age and age between 16 to 18 old ages is termed young person. And both UNCRC every bit good as Myanmar kid jurisprudence already clearly mentioned the basic rights of the kids for their best involvement for the development both physically, mentally and spiritually. But when there is a really serious status of poorness nowadays for them, all these basic rights are affected ensuing in the unnatural development and finally loss of their life. In Myanmar, the kids in this specific township are more prone to these hazards due to their high concentration of households with poorness. This paper is seeking to analyze the state of affairs of child poorness in this township and their effects.